Middle East: McMahon-Husayn Correspondence:Secret correspondence between the British high commissioner (McMahon) and the leader of Arab independence (Sharif Husayn). Britain will support an independent Arab state after war, and Britain will receive Arab support during the war. Disputes caused the Arabs to lose Iraq and Lebanon, but fought in the war with the Allies, believing they would receive independence after the war.
Sykes-Picot Agreement: Agreement between the governments of the UK and France defining their spheres of influence in Western Asia. It was a trade agreement with land set aside for indirect control through an Arab state or a confederation of Arab states.
Zionism: Jewish movement based in nationalism that calls for self-determination among the Jews and creation of a sovereign Jewish state in Palestine (see Balfour Declaration)
Ibn Saud - a rival of Husayn fought and gained control of leadership in Mecca- Succeeded in established a Saudi Arabian monarchy based on strict adherence to Islamic beliefs. Ibn Saud Saudi Arabia Wahhabism Modernity / Little Westernizing Problem 1- Tribal or Clan warfare Must Unite Tribes with religion- Wahhabism Islamic Fundamentalist Unites into Brotherhood- Ikhwan Problem 2- Kick out Ottomans- but British support Hussein not the Wahhabs Problem 3- Hussein was sharif of Mecca Ironic because Sahd accuses Hussein of being an infidel and not follow religion Constantly using religion to gain power Has to be religious to gain power Still wants contact with Western world because of wealth- oil with Socal Us
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk: The "Father of Turkey." He united Turkey after the fall of the Ottoman Empire; he established a republic with himself in charge. His big goal was to eliminate the unequal treaties that were forced upon his people after WWI. To do this, he made exploited the unhappiness of the victors over the Treaty of Versailles by isolating Britain. Britain was unwilling to enforce any treaty on its own, so Turkey was able to gain ground. Ataturk was a drunk sex addict.
Reza Khan- Reza Khan overthrew the Qajar dynasty and also moved to Westernize and secularize the nation. Unlike Ataturk, however, Reza Khan retained the monarchy with himself at the helm. The Pahlavi dynasty that Reza Khan established lasted until 1979, when it was overthrown in a popular revolution. Reza Khan was able to avoid imperial domination by either the Soviet Union or Great Britain, but his personal ambition and his attempts to undercut the power of the clergy and religion eventually brought down the Pahlavi dynasty.
Cairo Conference: Headed by Winston Churchill, the goal of this conference was to discuss the mandates that Great Britain held with Palestine and Iraq, and draw territorial lines. In this conference, the throne of Iraq was given to Amir Faisal ibn Hussein and he became Faisal I (also the entire area of Transjordan was given to his brother). This was crippling to the rising nation of Saudi Arabia and its king Abd Al-Aziz Ibn-Saud. The boundary lines for Iraq were drawn specifically to suit British interests. The separation and grouping of land was also very difficult for Great Britain because of the many promises that they had formerly made to many areas in the Middle East.
General Syrian Conference- Formed in response to the Sykes-Picot Agreement. The Syrians do not want to be a mandate of France, because they believe that they are strong enough to build their own government with a little support, but after their attempt to make Faisal their king fails, they decide to organize their want for independence. They want national self determination and secularism which would ensure rights. They want to westernize (important because they are showing the West that they are following example). If complete sovereignty is denied to them they want America's help because of Wilson's national self determination and his 14 points. If not America then they want Britian, but under no means do they want the help of France, because they are France's mandate and France will just control the government. Basically an organization of Syria's beliefs in independence.
China: KMT: (Kuomintang): Chinese political party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1905. led 10 unsuccessful revolution, then the eleventh revolution was successful in installing Sun Yat-sen in power. The KMT was then disbanded. Until being revitalized during the late 1910's early 1920's
"Rights Recovery" Movement- movement to end unequal treaties and restore sovereignty. China demands tariff autonomy, and all countries except for Japan oblige under the pressure of the Nationalist government--China is able to decide it's own tariff rates. China also calls for an end to extraterritorial rights--all western countries and Soviets agree except for Great Britain and the US (until 1943).
Mao: Founder of the CCP who organized many peasants in China and unified them with his strong beliefs in Communism. He developed a guerilla army and Soviet-style government. Mao reinterpreted many of the traditional Marxist concepts, and applied them to many of the poor, agricultural areas. The CCP had many confrontations with the KMT, lead by Chiang Kai-shek. Even though the KMT was better equipped with more weapons and people, the CCP withstood their attacks with their guerilla warfare and support from many peasants. In 1936, the CCP was able to establish its headquarters in a small area named Yenan. It was conveniently placed far away from Chiang's army and it was close to the Soviet Union.
Sun Yat-Sen: He was a nationalist and he wanted change to the Chinese Government. He was angered by the unequal treaties that had been put on China, so he turned to revolution. He was the founder of the KMT and he proposed The Three Peoples Principles.
Era of Warlords: This era marked the ineffective and chaotic first years of the republic. In this time, chaos set in upon China as a result of warlords (local military leaders) who alone ruled parts of China and often waged war amongst one another. Warlords in different regions ranged from former bandits to poorly educated sons of brick layers.
CCP: Chinese communist party. Founded in 1921 and came to power in 1949. It is the ruling party for the people's republic of China.
May 4th Movement: On May 4th, 1919, students in Peking protested Japan being given the Shantung province and all around China. It was an intellectual revolution of young, educated people in China, that was also a protest of China's weak government and their reaction to the Treaty of Versailles. This movement allowed the KMT to come back and have power, and it also gave rise to the CCP.
United Front: Sun Yat-sen turned to the USSR (not upset with USSR because they were not present at the Paris Peace Conference and therefore were not among the numbers who treated China, as they saw, unfairly) and in turn for help against the warlords, the KMT and the CCP united (strength in numbers, united we stand)
Long March- CCP flees to northwestern china from the KMT forces. 100,000 men and women broke through part of the blockade and went on a 6,000 mile march from southern China to the northwest while defending themselves from the KMT forces. Took 370 days to complete. They finally established their headquarters in Yenan in 1936. Only about 20,000 people made it with Mao still in control. Most of the leaders survived.
India:
1919 Government of India Act - After World War I, nationalism in India was growing and the people were demanding rewards in exchange for their loyalty and efforts in the war. The British government cedes to them some rights outlining a step program leading to their freedom. In this first step, middle class voters were given rights to elect representatives in a provincial government; however, the rights of the elected were limited as public security and budget powers remained under control of the British and non-elected officials.
Khalifat Movement: fundamentalist political campaign launched by Muslims in British India to influence the British government and to protect the Ottoman Empire during the aftermath of World War I
Salt March: In order to protest the high tax on salt imposed by the British and other acts that were unfair to the Indians, Gandhi and 78 followers marched 200 miles to the Indian Ocean, where Gandhi made salt from the seawater. The result was a huge boycott by the Indians of British manufactured goods, which led to the arrest of Gandhi and 60,000 of his supporters.
Jinnah: leader of the All-India Muslim League who objected to Ghandhi's nonconstitutional methods of protest and did not share Ghandhi's rejection of Western values
Muslim League- the All-India Muslim League was a political party in India during the independence movement (led by Gandhi).The Muslims did not want to work with the Hindus in the Indian National Congress, so they created the All-India Muslim League, led by M. A. Jinnah. The League allowed the Muslims to not have to cooperate with the Hindus in the Indian National Congress while still having a way to gain power in India (the Muslims were scared of not having any power in India because they were the minority). Jinnah
Swadeshi- economic strategy to remove the British Empire from power and improve economic conditions in India through following principles of swadeshi (self-sufficiency).
1935 Government of India Act- passed by the British, it basically split India up into different provinces which each ruled themselves.
Satyagraha (civil disobedience)- the name Gandhi gave his nonviolent movement. It meant "truth force."
Dyarchy-In August 1917 the British government for the first time proclaimed its goal to be self-government for India within the British Commonwealth, to be implemented in stages. Toward its eventual realization, the British Parliament passed the Government of India Act in 1919. By this act, an electorate of middle-class voters was permitted to elect representatives to provincial assemblies in which the party with a majority formed a government that controlled a number of departments of the provincial administration. However, public security and the provincial budget remained under the control of the British-appointed governor and his nonelected advisers. This system of sharing power in the provinces between appointed officers and the elected Indian representatives was called dyarchy.
Rowlatt Act: was a law that was passed by the British in colonial India indefinitely extending emergency measures enacted during WWI in order to control public unrest and root out conspiracy
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi: born in India, and was a leader for the people during the 1900's. He wanted the Indian people to become free of the British control, but he wanted to use non-violence and non-cooperation to do so. He urged Indians to boycott imported British good, such as clothes, and to not attend the British controlled government schools. One of his famous acts was the Salt March, where he walked 200 miles to the Indian Ocean to make salt, because the British had such a high tax on salt. Gandhi also tried to include all groups into his peaceful protest movement. He reached out to Muslims, the "untouchables" and women. He envisioned a strong, independent, and united India that was free of unfair Western control and gave equal rights to all its citizens. The point of his movements was to provoke the British government to react while the Indian people demonstrated non-cooperation. He believed that the key was to not retaliate violently to the British, or that would ruin the system of non-cooperation. This is so that when the British act violently, it makes the India seem very innocent and oppressed.
1935 Government of India Act-the compromised government form suggested by the British after India had driven their laws out. The suggested outline was a federation, comprised of the states, whose inhabitants could vote for the provincial and federal legislature.
Yuan Shih('kai)-a Chinese General that organized the largest and best army units. Became the emporer when Sun Yat-Sen gave up his throne to him to popular demand in 1912. he was also responsible for outlawing the KMT
Indian National Congress- directly responsible for the appointment of M.K. Gandhi, the Indian National Congress played a very pivotal roll in the elimination of the segregate hold that Great Britain had on India. The Congress was basically the body of resistance to the unjust laws that were created by Britain. Any Indian regardless of class or religion could join, however before Gandhi the prices were higher so as to attract wealthy landowners.
McMahon-Husayn Correspondence: Secret correspondence between the British high commissioner (McMahon) and the leader of Arab independence (Sharif Husayn). Britain will support an independent Arab state after war, and Britain will receive Arab support during the war. Disputes caused the Arabs to lose Iraq and Lebanon, but fought in the war with the Allies, believing they would receive independence after the war.
Sykes-Picot Agreement: Agreement between the governments of the UK and France defining their spheres of influence in Western Asia. It was a trade agreement with land set aside for indirect control through an Arab state or a confederation of Arab states.
Zionism: Jewish movement based in nationalism that calls for self-determination among the Jews and creation of a sovereign Jewish state in Palestine (see Balfour Declaration)
Ibn Saud - a rival of Husayn fought and gained control of leadership in Mecca- Succeeded in established a Saudi Arabian monarchy based on strict adherence to Islamic beliefs.
Ibn Saud
Saudi Arabia
Wahhabism
Modernity / Little Westernizing
Problem 1- Tribal or Clan warfare
Must Unite Tribes with religion- Wahhabism
Islamic Fundamentalist
Unites into Brotherhood- Ikhwan
Problem 2- Kick out Ottomans- but British support Hussein not the Wahhabs
Problem 3- Hussein was sharif of Mecca
Ironic because Sahd accuses Hussein of being an infidel and not follow religion
Constantly using religion to gain power
Has to be religious to gain power
Still wants contact with Western world because of wealth- oil with Socal Us
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk: The "Father of Turkey." He united Turkey after the fall of the Ottoman Empire; he established a republic with himself in charge. His big goal was to eliminate the unequal treaties that were forced upon his people after WWI. To do this, he made exploited the unhappiness of the victors over the Treaty of Versailles by isolating Britain. Britain was unwilling to enforce any treaty on its own, so Turkey was able to gain ground. Ataturk was a drunk sex addict.
Reza Khan- Reza Khan overthrew the Qajar dynasty and also moved to Westernize and secularize the nation. Unlike Ataturk, however, Reza Khan retained the monarchy with himself at the helm. The Pahlavi dynasty that Reza Khan established lasted until 1979, when it was overthrown in a popular revolution. Reza Khan was able to avoid imperial domination by either the Soviet Union or Great Britain, but his personal ambition and his attempts to undercut the power of the clergy and religion eventually brought down the Pahlavi dynasty.
Cairo Conference: Headed by Winston Churchill, the goal of this conference was to discuss the mandates that Great Britain held with Palestine and Iraq, and draw territorial lines. In this conference, the throne of Iraq was given to Amir Faisal ibn Hussein and he became Faisal I (also the entire area of Transjordan was given to his brother). This was crippling to the rising nation of Saudi Arabia and its king Abd Al-Aziz Ibn-Saud. The boundary lines for Iraq were drawn specifically to suit British interests. The separation and grouping of land was also very difficult for Great Britain because of the many promises that they had formerly made to many areas in the Middle East.
General Syrian Conference- Formed in response to the Sykes-Picot Agreement. The Syrians do not want to be a mandate of France, because they believe that they are strong enough to build their own government with a little support, but after their attempt to make Faisal their king fails, they decide to organize their want for independence. They want national self determination and secularism which would ensure rights. They want to westernize (important because they are showing the West that they are following example). If complete sovereignty is denied to them they want America's help because of Wilson's national self determination and his 14 points. If not America then they want Britian, but under no means do they want the help of France, because they are France's mandate and France will just control the government. Basically an organization of Syria's beliefs in independence.
China:
KMT: (Kuomintang): Chinese political party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1905. led 10 unsuccessful revolution, then the eleventh revolution was successful in installing Sun Yat-sen in power. The KMT was then disbanded. Until being revitalized during the late 1910's early 1920's
"Rights Recovery" Movement- movement to end unequal treaties and restore sovereignty. China demands tariff autonomy, and all countries except for Japan oblige under the pressure of the Nationalist government--China is able to decide it's own tariff rates. China also calls for an end to extraterritorial rights--all western countries and Soviets agree except for Great Britain and the US (until 1943).
Mao: Founder of the CCP who organized many peasants in China and unified them with his strong beliefs in Communism. He developed a guerilla army and Soviet-style government. Mao reinterpreted many of the traditional Marxist concepts, and applied them to many of the poor, agricultural areas. The CCP had many confrontations with the KMT, lead by Chiang Kai-shek. Even though the KMT was better equipped with more weapons and people, the CCP withstood their attacks with their guerilla warfare and support from many peasants. In 1936, the CCP was able to establish its headquarters in a small area named Yenan. It was conveniently placed far away from Chiang's army and it was close to the Soviet Union.
Sun Yat-Sen: He was a nationalist and he wanted change to the Chinese Government. He was angered by the unequal treaties that had been put on China, so he turned to revolution. He was the founder of the KMT and he proposed The Three Peoples Principles.
Era of Warlords: This era marked the ineffective and chaotic first years of the republic. In this time, chaos set in upon China as a result of warlords (local military leaders) who alone ruled parts of China and often waged war amongst one another. Warlords in different regions ranged from former bandits to poorly educated sons of brick layers.
CCP: Chinese communist party. Founded in 1921 and came to power in 1949. It is the ruling party for the people's republic of China.
May 4th Movement: On May 4th, 1919, students in Peking protested Japan being given the Shantung province and all around China. It was an intellectual revolution of young, educated people in China, that was also a protest of China's weak government and their reaction to the Treaty of Versailles. This movement allowed the KMT to come back and have power, and it also gave rise to the CCP.
United Front: Sun Yat-sen turned to the USSR (not upset with USSR because they were not present at the Paris Peace Conference and therefore were not among the numbers who treated China, as they saw, unfairly) and in turn for help against the warlords, the KMT and the CCP united (strength in numbers, united we stand)
Long March- CCP flees to northwestern china from the KMT forces. 100,000 men and women broke through part of the blockade and went on a 6,000 mile march from southern China to the northwest while defending themselves from the KMT forces. Took 370 days to complete. They finally established their headquarters in Yenan in 1936. Only about 20,000 people made it with Mao still in control. Most of the leaders survived.
India:
1919 Government of India Act - After World War I, nationalism in India was growing and the people were demanding rewards in exchange for their loyalty and efforts in the war. The British government cedes to them some rights outlining a step program leading to their freedom. In this first step, middle class voters were given rights to elect representatives in a provincial government; however, the rights of the elected were limited as public security and budget powers remained under control of the British and non-elected officials.
Khalifat Movement: fundamentalist political campaign launched by Muslims in British India to influence the British government and to protect the Ottoman Empire during the aftermath of World War I
Salt March: In order to protest the high tax on salt imposed by the British and other acts that were unfair to the Indians, Gandhi and 78 followers marched 200 miles to the Indian Ocean, where Gandhi made salt from the seawater. The result was a huge boycott by the Indians of British manufactured goods, which led to the arrest of Gandhi and 60,000 of his supporters.
Jinnah: leader of the All-India Muslim League who objected to Ghandhi's nonconstitutional methods of protest and did not share Ghandhi's rejection of Western values
Muslim League- the All-India Muslim League was a political party in India during the independence movement (led by Gandhi).The Muslims did not want to work with the Hindus in the Indian National Congress, so they created the All-India Muslim League, led by M. A. Jinnah. The League allowed the Muslims to not have to cooperate with the Hindus in the Indian National Congress while still having a way to gain power in India (the Muslims were scared of not having any power in India because they were the minority).
Jinnah
Swadeshi- economic strategy to remove the British Empire from power and improve economic conditions in India through following principles of swadeshi (self-sufficiency).
1935 Government of India Act- passed by the British, it basically split India up into different provinces which each ruled themselves.
Satyagraha (civil disobedience)- the name Gandhi gave his nonviolent movement. It meant "truth force."
Dyarchy-In August 1917 the British government for the first time proclaimed its goal to be self-government for India within the British Commonwealth, to be implemented in stages. Toward its eventual realization, the British Parliament passed the Government of India Act in 1919. By this act, an electorate of middle-class voters was permitted to elect representatives to provincial assemblies in which the party with a majority formed a government that controlled a number of departments of the provincial administration. However, public security and the provincial budget remained under the control of the British-appointed governor and his nonelected advisers. This system of sharing power in the provinces between appointed officers and the elected Indian representatives was called dyarchy.
Rowlatt Act: was a law that was passed by the British in colonial India indefinitely extending emergency measures enacted during WWI in order to control public unrest and root out conspiracy
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi: born in India, and was a leader for the people during the 1900's. He wanted the Indian people to become free of the British control, but he wanted to use non-violence and non-cooperation to do so. He urged Indians to boycott imported British good, such as clothes, and to not attend the British controlled government schools. One of his famous acts was the Salt March, where he walked 200 miles to the Indian Ocean to make salt, because the British had such a high tax on salt. Gandhi also tried to include all groups into his peaceful protest movement. He reached out to Muslims, the "untouchables" and women. He envisioned a strong, independent, and united India that was free of unfair Western control and gave equal rights to all its citizens. The point of his movements was to provoke the British government to react while the Indian people demonstrated non-cooperation. He believed that the key was to not retaliate violently to the British, or that would ruin the system of non-cooperation. This is so that when the British act violently, it makes the India seem very innocent and oppressed.
1935 Government of India Act- the compromised government form suggested by the British after India had driven their laws out. The suggested outline was a federation, comprised of the states, whose inhabitants could vote for the provincial and federal legislature.
Yuan Shih('kai)- a Chinese General that organized the largest and best army units. Became the emporer when Sun Yat-Sen gave up his throne to him to popular demand in 1912. he was also responsible for outlawing the KMT
Indian National Congress- directly responsible for the appointment of M.K. Gandhi, the Indian National Congress played a very pivotal roll in the elimination of the segregate hold that Great Britain had on India. The Congress was basically the body of resistance to the unjust laws that were created by Britain. Any Indian regardless of class or religion could join, however before Gandhi the prices were higher so as to attract wealthy landowners.